until 表示:prep.在…以前;到…为止conj.在…以前;直到…时unless 表示:conj.除非,如果不prep.除…之外。下面来看看具体的区别。
unless和until的区别
一、作为从属连词含义不同,引导从句性质不同
unless与until均为从属连词,unless表“除非”,强调条件,引导条件状语从句;until表“直到”,强调时间的延续,引导时间状语从句。
1. I didn't know the news until my teacher told it to me.
2. I couldn't know the news unless my teacher told it to me.
3.—Was his father very strict with him when he was at school?
—Yes. He had never praised him until he became one of the top students in his grade.
析:句1动词didn't know表明该句强调时间的延续,表“我不知道这消息”的状态一直延续到“老师告诉我”,因此应用until引导时间状语从句。句2动词couldn't know表明该句强调条件,表“我不可能知道这消息,除非老师告诉我”,因此应用unless引导条件状语从句。句3表明“他爸爸从来没有表扬他”的状态一直延续到“他变成年级最好的学生之一”,因此也应用until引导时间状语从句。
二、作为从属连词引导的从句常用一般现在时表示将来
unless引导的条件状语从句和until引导的时间状语从句常用一般现在时表示将来。
例1:除非邀请你否则别进来。
误:Don't come in unless you will be invited to.
正:Don't come in unless you're invited to.
例2:除非他来,我们不可能去。
误:Unless he will come, we won't be able to go.
正:Unless he comes, we won't be able to go.
三、作为从属连词引导的状语从句可转换为省略式创新句型
unless引导条件状语从句和until引导时间状语从句时,如果主从句主语一致(或主从句主语不一致,但从句主语为it),从句谓语部分含有be,可将从句主语和动词be省略,构成省略式创新句型。
例1:I won't come to see you unless I am asked to. 除非你邀请我,我才会来看你。
析:因为主从句主语一致,从句谓语又含有am,所以可将从句主语I和动词am 省略,构成省略式创新句型:I won't come to see you unless asked to.
例2:The soldiers will not cross the river unless they are ordered to. 除非接到命令,战士们不会过河。
析:因为主从句主语一致,从句谓语又含有are,所以可将从句主语they和动词are省略,构成省略式创新句型:The soldiers will not cross the river unless ordered to.
注意:
until也可作为介词。例如:
I have remembered her until now. 直到现在我还记得她。
unless等于if not吗
unless在意义上相当于if…not…,因此在有些场合if…not…可为unless所代替。如:
Come tomorrow unless I phone [if I don’t phone]. 要是我没有打电话,明天就来。
You won’t catch the train unless you hurry [if you don’t hurry]. 你要是不赶快,你就赶不上火车了。
但是在下列情况下,通常要用 if … not 而不用 unless:
1. 当从句所引出的情况不是表示主句情况发生的一种例外而只是一种可能,并且这种可能正是导致主句情况发生的主要原因时,英语习惯只用if…not,不用unless。如:
I’ll be surprised if he doesn’t win. 如果他不赢,我会感到惊奇。
She’d look nicer if she didn’t wear so much make-up. 要是她不过分打扮,本来会更好看的。
I’ll be sorry if they do not come tomorrow. 如果他们明天不来,我将感到非常遗憾。
2. 当从句内容与已知事实相反时(即引出虚拟条件时),通常要用if…not,而不用unless。如:
If he weren’t so silly, he would understand. 他要不是那样傻的话,他就会明白了。(实际上他很傻)
If I hadn’t stopped her, she would have jumped down. 要不是我阻止了她,她就跳下去了。(实际上我阻止了她)
unless有时可引出一个过去未曾实现的假想法情况,对前面主句进行补充说明(此时必须置于主句之后,且前面常用破折号而不用逗号)。如:
I couldn’t have got to the meeting on time—unless I had caught an earlier train. 我不可能及时赶到会场,除非我赶上了较早一班火车。(事实是“我”没有及时到会)
此句若将unless改为if…not,则成为:
I couldn’t have got there If I hadn’t caught an earlier train. 如果我没赶上较早一班火车,我就不能到达那儿了。(事实是“我”及时到会了)
until、till和not until的区别
一、till 和 until 用于肯定句中,表示动作一直持续到所说时间为止,主句谓语必须是持续性动词,例如:
until/till 作为连词:
We waited until/till he came.
我们一直等到他来。
Let's wait until the rain stops.
咱们等雨停了吧。
He put his retirement on hold until he had found a solution.
他推迟了退休,直到他找到了解决办法。
I'm just killing time until I can talk to the other witnesses.
在和其他目击者交谈前我只是在打发时间。
until/till 作为介词:
Until now I have always lived alone.
直到现在,我一直独自生活。
He continued working up until/till his death.
他一直工作到去世。
The street is full of traffic from morning until/till night.
街上从早到晚车水马龙。
Until 1982 he was senior lecturer in botany at Durham University.
1982年以前他一直是达勒姆大学生物系的高级讲师。
二、若主句用终止性动词,则应为否定式 not … until … (因为终止性动词一旦被否定就成为状态,便可持续),意为“直到……才,在……以前不”,例如:
I didn't go to bed until/till tomorrow.
直到天亮才上床。
We did not get off the bus until/till it stopped.
直到车停了,我们才下了公交车。
The traffic laws don't take effect until the end of the year.
交通法要到年底才生效。
We didn’t leave until/till he came.
直到他来我们才走。
You're not going out until/till you've finished this.
你不把这事做完就不准出去。